Mission
The
E-4B serves as the National Airborne Operations Center (NAOC)
for the National Command Authorities (NCA). In case of national
emergency or destruction of ground command control centers,
the aircraft provides a modern, highly survivable, command,
control and communications center to direct U.S. forces,
execute emergency war orders and coordinate actions
by civil authorities.
Features
Air
Combat Command (ACC) is the Air Force single-resource
manager for the E-4B, and provides aircrew, maintenance,
security and communications support. The Joint Chiefs
of Staff actually control E-4B operations and provide
personnel for the airborne operations center.
The
E-4B, a militarized version of the Boeing 747-200, is
a four-engine, swept-wing, long-range, high-altitude
airplane capable of being refueled in flight. Its larger
size provides approximately triple the floor space of
the earlier EC-135 command post.
An E-4B crew may include up to 114 people,
including a joint-service operations team, an ACC flight
crew, a maintenance and security component, a communications
team and selected augmentees.
The E-4B has electromagnetic pulse protection, an electrical
system designed to support advanced electronics and
a wide variety of new communications equipment. Other
improvements include nuclear and thermal effects shielding,
acoustic control, an improved technical control facility
and an upgraded air-conditioning system for cooling
electrical components. An advanced satellite communications
system improves worldwide communications among strategic
and tactical satellite systems and the airborne operations
center.
To provide direct support to the National Command Authorities,
at least one E-4B is always on alert at one of many
selected bases throughout the world.
Background
The E-4B evolved from the E-4A, which had been in service
since late 1974. The first B model was delivered to
the Air Force in January 1980, and by 1985 all aircraft
were converted to B models. All E-4B are assigned to
the 55th Wing, Offutt Air Force Base, Neb.
In
August 1994, the E-4B assumed an additional role. With
the approval of JCS chairman, the E-4B will support
the Federal Emergency Management Agency's request for
assistance when a natural disaster, such as hurricane,
typhoon or earthquake occurs. The E-4B would be tasked
to fly the FEMA Emergency Response to the disaster site,
and become the FEMA command and control center until
the emergency team's own equipment and facilities can
be set up. With E-4B support the emergency team's response
is a matter of hours as opposed to days.
The E-4B has three operational decks; upper, middle and lower
Upper Deck
The Flight Deck
The flight deck contains the pilot's, copilot's, navigator's and flight engineer's stations, including a special navigation station not normally found on commercial Boeing 747s. A lounge area and sleeping quarters for flight crews and other personnel are located aft of the flight deck. The flight crew consists of an aircraft commander, co-pilot, navigator and flight engineer.
Middle Deck
The middle deck contains the conference room, which provides a secure area for conferences and briefings. It contains a conference table for nine people. Aft of the conference room is a projection room serving the conference room and the briefing room. The projection room has the capability of projecting computer graphics, overhead transparencies or 35mm slides to either the conference room or the briefing room either singularly or simultaneously.
The battle staff comprises force status controllers (3), enemy action NCO, operations controller, communications controller, intelligence planners (4), operations planners (4), logistic planners (4), chief of battle staff, airborne launch system officers (2), weather officer, reconnaissance planner, damage assessment officer and administrators (2), a total of 26; and communications operators (5), radio maintenance men (5) and switchboard operators (2), a total of 15. The Looking Glass missions were commanded by a general officer with two staff officers, while the National Airborne Operations Center (NAOC) role takes an undisclosed number more. There are at least 48 crewmen aboard any E-4B mission.
Operations Team Area
Behind the projection room is the operations team area containing the automatic data processing equipment and seats and console work areas for 29 staff members. The consoles are configured to provide access to or from the automated data processing, automatic switchboard, direct access telephone and radio circuits, direct ("hot") lines, monitor panel for switchboard lines, staff and operator inter-phone and audio recorder.
Technical Control Area
The aft compartment at the end of the main deck is the Technical Control (Tech Control) area. This area was the nerve center for all communications and communications technicians. Typically 3 of the 6 crew positions were occupied here by specialized US Air Force Technicians that were responsible for the proper monitoring and distribution of all communications power, cooling, and reliability. The Technical Controller #1 (Tech 1, TC1) was the direct interface with the aircraft Flight Engineer and Flight Crew. This position was also the main focal point for all communications related issues. The Technical Controller #2 (Tech 2, TC2) was responsible for maintaining all UHF communications between the aircraft and the Nightwatch GEP (Ground Entry Points). These GEP's provided 12 voice lines to the aircraft which were used in the day to day operations of the mission. Secure Voice was also provided. The SHF Operator (actually a technician) maintained the SHF satellite link and provided other worldwide communications services probably having replaced a lot of the UHF capabilities.
Rest Area
The rest area, which occupies the remaining portion of the aft main deck, provides a rest and sleeping area for the crew members.
Forward Entry Area
Within the forward entry area is the main galley unit and stairways to the flight deck and to the forward lower equipment area. This area contains refrigerators, freezers, a convection oven and a microwave oven to give stewards the capability to provide more than 100 hot meals during prolonged missions. Additionally, four seats are located on the left side of the forward entry area for the security guards and the stewards.
NCA Area
Behind the forward entry area is the NCA area, which is designed and furnished as an executive suite. It contains an office, a lounge and sleeping area, and a dressing room. Telephone instruments in this area provide the NCA with secure and clear worldwide communications.
Briefing Room
The briefing room contains a briefing table with three executive seats, eighteen additional seats, a lectern and two rear projection screens.
Communications Control Area
The communications control area is divided into a voice area and a data area. The voice area, located on the right side of the compartment, contains the radio operator's console, the semi-automatic switchboard console and the communication officer's console. The data area, located on the left side of the area, contains the record communications console, record data supervisor's console, high speed DATA/AUTODIN/AFSAT console and LF/VLF control heads. The E-4B can communicate with the ground over a wide range of frequencies covering virtually the entire radio communications spectrum from 14 kHz to 8.4 GHz. Ground stations can link the E-4B into the main US ground-based communications network.
Flight Avionics Area
The flight avionics area contains the aircraft systems power panels, flight avionics equipment, liquid oxygen converters and stowage for baggage and spare parts.
Lower Deck
The forward lower equipment room contains the aircraft's water supply tanks, 1200 kVA electrical power panels, step down transformers, VLF transmitter and SHF SATCOM equipment. Electrically operated retractable stairs, located in the forward right side of the forward lower equipment area, are installed for airplane entry and exit.
The aft lower equipment area contains the maintenance console and mission specific equipment.
The lower trailing wire antenna (TWA) area contains the aircraft's 5 mile long TWA reel – which is used by up to 13 communications links – the antenna operator's station, as well as the antenna reel controls and indicators. Much attention has been made to hardening this area against EMP, especially as the TWA, essential for communicating with ballistic missile submarines, is also particularly effective in picking up EMP. |
